How Green Bonds Will Fund a Green Future

More securities labeled as environmental, social and governance (ESG) bonds are being issued by a wider variety of companies than ever before. This is a welcome development, because such financing will play a critical role in the global transition to a greener world. But not all ESG-labeled bonds are equal. To fund a genuinely green future, investors will need to separate the grain from the chaff.

An Explosion of ESG Bond Issuance

ESG-labeled bond issuance surged to new heights in 2021. Though Europe remained the leader, new regions rapidly adopted these financing structures. Green bonds, which fund particular projects, continued to dominate. But issuance of social, sustainability and sustainability-linked bonds—which reference specific key performance indicators, or KPIs—grew fastest (Display).

The range of issuers has broadened as well. Until recently, ESG bond issuance was mainly the preserve of investment-grade issuers. But in 2021, high-yield issuance across US dollar and euro markets quadrupled. What’s more, many industries featured in the list of ESG bond issuers for the first time: in euro markets, chemicals, consumer products, and metals and mining; and in the US, autos, chemical and telecoms. The use of proceeds and range of projects widened too.

Further Strong Growth Expected for ESG Bonds

Can the rapid growth of ESG-labeled bond issuance continue? We believe it will, for three reasons. First, ESG factors are now affecting the cost of capital, with an increasing number of investors adopting strong ESG guidelines. Second, ESG has become a strategic priority for businesses. Natural language processing analysis of publicly available earnings call transcripts and conference presentations tells us that ESG is one of the hottest topics in corporate boardrooms—alongside input-cost inflation, supply chain problems and labor shortages. That’s hardly surprising because, third, companies are facing increasing investor scrutiny about their sustainability goals and continuous pressure to raise their game.

As a result, a raft of industries has committed to ambitious targets for future change. For instance, the steel sector plans to deploy 20 commercial-scale green steel facilities by 2030, marking a breakthrough on the path to net-zero emissions by 2050; 40 major cement and concrete producers committed to cut emissions by 25% by 2030 and to be net zero by 2050; and 80 aviation businesses and large corporate customers now aim to boost their green fuel usage to 10% of global jet fuel demand by 2030—a 1,000-fold increase from today, saving 60 million tons of CO2 per year and providing 300,000 green jobs.

Ambitious goals demand new capital, making them well-suited for ESG debt financing—and pointing toward continued rapid growth of the ESG-labeled bond market.

Investors Must Be Choosy About ESG-Labeled Issues

As new ESG-linked issues proliferate, it’s critical that investors use a disciplined framework to evaluate them. We believe that bonds whose terms merely gesture toward environmental and social factors but have no real impact are less likely to perform well over the long term—making a bond’s design as important as its price.

The first test bond investors must apply is materiality. Is the use of proceeds for a green bond significant to the issuer’s business and industry? Does the KPI target for a sustainability-linked bond represent a material improvement for the entire firm? We’ve noted instances where use of proceeds or KPIs covered only tiny parts of a company. By contrast, Faurecia’s Green Notes issue was fully aligned with the firm’s core mission of sustainable mobility, and its use of proceeds supports the company’s ambition to diversify into hydrogen-powered transport.

Green bond issuers should also provide a green bond framework or corporate plan, together with basic firmwide commitments, such as adopting a transition pathway in line with 1.5 degrees warming or aiming for net-zero carbon output on most relevant scopes (for most industries, that includes scope 3). Certain sectors, such as automakers and utilities, have their own specific climate undertakings—for example, a timeline for transitioning to all-electric vehicles. On the social side, look for policies that mitigate modern slavery risk.

Sustainability-linked structures that lack ambitious objectives are generally unattractive. Some KPI targets are overly generic and disappointingly modest. In these cases, investors need to press for specific goals and stretch KPIs, such as Henkel’s, whose KPIs are specific, set readily measurable goals across the whole business, include scope 3 emissions and feature some timelines as short as five years. Industry peer comparisons can help determine whether an issue’s terms can be benchmarked to best practices and whether KPIs are sufficiently demanding.

It’s also important to consider both the timeline of the KPIs and the penalty for non-performance. Issuers that fail to hit their KPI targets must typically pay an increased coupon to defray potential bond price losses from the negative ESG outcome. But investors need to scrutinize whether the coupon step-up adequately compensates for the miss, and whether they will receive enough enhanced coupon payments before the KPI timeline expires. Too many structures currently feature limited step-ups with back-ended penalties. If investors want a genuinely green future, they must push back against easy structures and limited repercussions.

Engagement Is Key

Bond issuers regularly need fresh injections of capital. By engaging with companies and bankers on ESG matters and bond structures, investors can be clear about the type of objectives and KPI targets they believe reflect best practice. Even if a company fails to set acceptable terms with a current bond issue, a continuing engagement program can secure better terms in future.

We believe that green and other ESG-labeled bonds will play a hugely important part in creating a green future. It’s up to investors to ensure that it arrives on time.

The views expressed herein do not constitute research, investment advice or trade recommendations and do not necessarily represent the views of all AB portfolio-management teams and are subject to revision over time.

About the Authors

Tiffanie Wong, CFA
Tiffanie Wong is a Senior Vice President and Director of Fixed Income Responsible Investing Portfolio Management. In this role, she is part of the leadership team that develops responsible investment strategy across AB's Fixed Income business, particularly related to integrating environmental, social and governance considerations throughout the team's portfolio construction processes and overseeing management of several of the team's sustainable strategies. Wong also serves as Director of US Investment-Grade Credit, responsible for the management and strategy implementation of the firm's US Investment-Grade Credit portfolios, including total-return and income-oriented credit strategies for institutional and retail clients. She has worked closely with AB's Quantitative Research team to leverage the firm's technology innovations within fixed-income trading and research to apply a more systematic approach to AB's credit investing. Prior to joining AB's Fixed Income portfolio-management team, Wong served as an associate portfolio manager on the Credit team, focusing on various strategies for the Global and US Credit portfolios-including total return, buy and hold, and liability matching. Before joining AB in 2012, she was a fixed-income portfolio analyst and trader at Segall Bryant & Hamill and a fixed-income portfolio associate at Wells Capital Management. Wong holds a BA in economics with a minor in business institutions from Northwestern University and is a CFA charterholder. Location: New York

Salima Lamdouar
Salima Lamdouar is a Vice President and Portfolio Manager for Sustainable Fixed Income, focusing on sustainable thematic credit, income and emerging-market debt strategies. Before joining the firm in 2015, she was a generalist portfolio manager at fixed-income manager Rogge Global Partners. Lamdouar holds a BSc (Hons) in banking and international finance from Cass Business School. Location: London

Patrick O'Connell, CFA
Patrick O'Connell is a Senior Vice President and Director of Fixed Income Responsible Investing Research. In this role, he is part of the leadership team that develops responsible investment strategy across AB's Fixed Income business, particularly related to integrating environmental, social and governance considerations throughout the team's research and engagement. Previously, O'Connell served as a corporate credit research analyst, focusing on emerging-market corporates in Latin American and African countries. He joined the Emerging Markets research team in 2013 after working as a credit analyst covering US high-yield energy credits at AB. Prior to joining the firm in 2012, O'Connell was a desk analyst at UBS Investment Bank, where he helped to allocate capital on the trading desk. He holds a BS in accounting and finance (magna cum laude) from Villanova University and is a CFA charterholder. Location: New York

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